Summary
Rapid learning during a critical period, such as ducklings following the first moving object they see.
In depth
Konrad Lorenz showed that greylag goslings follow the first moving object, even a human. Sexual imprinting affects later mate choice. Critical periods limit when it occurs.
Imprinting is rapid, irreversible and limited to a sensitive window, such as the first day after hatching in geese. It has survival value because the first moving object is normally the mother. Humans have used it, for example Lorenz leading goslings and conservationists guiding cranes with costumes.
Remember: sexual imprinting can influence later mate choice.
Imprinting is learning during a short sensitive or critical period that is largely irreversible. In filial imprinting, young birds such as ducklings and goslings fix on the first moving object they see, normally their mother, as Konrad Lorenz demonstrated when geese followed him.
Sexual imprinting shapes later mate preference, for example zebra finches raised by another species may later court that species. Song and olfactory imprinting also occur, as in salmon that return to their natal stream by recalling its smell.
Example: hand-reared cranes are taught to follow a costumed human or ultralight aircraft for conservation release.
Frequently asked questions
What is Imprinting?
Rapid learning during a critical period, such as ducklings following the first moving object they see.
Which area of biology covers Imprinting, and how advanced is it?
Imprinting is one of the 53 topics in Animal Behaviour. It is rated Beginner, so it suits learners who are starting out in biology. Related topics in this area include Bird Song Learning, Learned Behaviour, Parental Investment.
Why does Imprinting matter?
Imprinting ensures offspring follow a parent and later recognise suitable mates.
Can you give an example of Imprinting?
Salmon imprint on the smell of their home stream.
What should I learn before Imprinting?
Imprinting is a Beginner topic, so no earlier topic is required. Other Beginner topics in Animal Behaviour that pair well with it include Animal Behaviour, Innate Behaviour, Learned Behaviour.
What topics are related to Imprinting?
The closest topics to Imprinting are Bird Song Learning, Learned Behaviour, Parental Investment, Animal Navigation. Comparing them side by side is a good way to see how the ideas connect.
How can I check that I understand Imprinting?
Read the summary and the in-depth section, then use the quick check on the interactive lesson for Imprinting. To practise the whole of Animal Behaviour, use the Animal Behaviour quiz.
How is Imprinting different from Bird Song Learning?
Imprinting: Rapid learning during a critical period, such as ducklings following the first moving object they see. Bird Song Learning: Young songbirds memorise a tutor song and refine their own through practice, guided by brain song circuits. Read both side by side and note what each one explains.
How should I study Imprinting step by step?
First, read the summary and write the definition in your own words. Second, read the in-depth section and note any example. Third, compare it with Bird Song Learning and explain the difference aloud. Finally, take the Animal Behaviour quiz and come back to this page for any question you miss.